Oxidative Stress models

Several markers of oxidative stress can be determined in worms after exposure to the examined agent, both within the organism and the supernatant. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage may be determined by fluorescence measurements, usually labeling the nematodes with 5-(y-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofl uorescein diacetate, and reading with a laser scanning confocal microscope. Oxidative damage on macromolecules has been analyzed by detecting carbonylated proteins. Moreover, oxidative stress can be evaluated by quantifying changes in gene expression of oxidative stress-related genes by Real Time PCR or GFP reporters, such as sod-1, sod-2, sod-3, sod-4, sod-5, gst-4, gst-5, gst-8, gst-24 and gst-42.